1. Which of the following structures produces the neurotransmitter involved in the reward/addiction pathway?

2. Which of the following medications is a contraindication to electroconvulsive therapy?

3. Which of the following class of medications is the first-line treatment used for premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

4. Which of the following class of medications are used to manage general anxiety disorder?

5. If a patient fails to respond to treatment of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for obsessive-compulsive disorder, which class of medication is the next line of treatment?

6. Second-generation antipsychotics are characterized by their comparative potency for which of the following receptors?

7. Valproate causes teratogenicity that affects which of the following germ cell populations?

8. Serotonin is stored in which of the following brain structures?

9. A patient complains of hallucinations that occur right before falling asleep. Which of the following conditions is this symptom most associated with?

10. A 24-year-old male was brought into the emergency department because he has been “acting odd” for over an eight-month period. He claims that the government has implanted a device in his brain and has been sending him top-secret messages. His roommate said that he stays up all night sometimes talking to people on the phone and spending an excessive amount of money shopping for extravagant clothing. The erratic spending sprees stop after a few weeks but the delusions are consistent. Which of the following best describes this patient?

11. Modafinil is used to treat which of the following?

12. Divalproex causes the teratogenic effect, spina bifida. Insufficient intake of which of the following can also contribute to neural tube defects?

13. Lysergic acid diethylamide primarily acts on which neurotransmitter?

14. Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder show a reduction in volume in a brain structure that may play a role in disturbed emotional memories. Which of the following embryologic structures give rise to the brain structure decreased in volume?

15. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy was first developed to treat which of the following?

16. A patient falls to the floor after having a laughing spell. Which of the following best describes her symptoms?

17. An accumulation of beta-amyloid plaque is associated with the following:

18. Which of the following is a characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

19. A patient with a history of alcohol use disorder is admitted to the hospital with confusion, nystagmus, and tremors. The patient is most likely deficient in which of the following?

20. Which of the following medications is used to treat symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

21. Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for atomoxetine?

22. To be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, an individual must also display which of the following before the age of 15?

23. Narcolepsy is caused by a deficiency in which of the following?

24. Which of the following drugs assists with opioid overdose?

25. What is ECT?

26. A patient is experiencing akathisia, which manifests as feelings of anxiety/ tension and agitation. Which of the following medications are most likely responsible for the symptoms?

27. What is the classification of bupropion?

28. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder occurs when which structure is present?

29. Which of the following medications is the first line of treatment to treat general anxiety disorder?

30. To be diagnosed with a hypomanic episode, an individual needs to show symptoms for at least:

31. Which of the following best fits the description: diminished responsiveness in a trancelike state while being fully conscious.

32. Which drug is used to treat postpartum depression?

33. Which of the following medications is used to treat pruritis (itchy skin)?

34. Which of the following best match the description? “An intrusion into consciousness preceding negative feelings.”

35. Which of the following medications is a contraindication for use while taking lithium because it can decrease renal clearance?

36. Posttraumatic stress disorder shows increased metabolic activity in which of the following brain regions?

37. Which cognitive distortion defines a situation in extremes as being “all good or all bad”?

38. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder occurs when which structure is present?

39. Symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder start during which phase of the menstrual cycle?

40. Females experience depression more than males at a ratio of?

41. When light enters the eye, it inhibits which of the following brain structures?

42. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications are used primarily to increase which of the following neurotransmitters?

43. Benzodiazepines work by which of the following:

44. Electroconvulsive therapy is used to treat which of the following?

45. Which of the following medications is used to treat cataplexy?

46. Which of the following therapies is based on a type of learning in which an action is elicited based on the resulting effect of a reward or punishment?

47. Applied behavioral therapy draws from which of the following:

48. Dissociation is most strongly associated with which of the following?

49. Narcolepsy is associated with which of the following symptoms?

50. Which teratogenic effects does valproate cause?

51. Which of the following personality disorders are difficult to treat because of the associated grandiosity

52. The following personality disorders (narcissistic, borderline, histrionic, antisocial) fall under which cluster?

53. Which of the following is a characteristic of bipolar disorder?

54. Which of the following is a Cluster C personality disorder?

55. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy is a derivative of which therapy?

56. Which of the following drugs assists with opioid overdose?

57. Which of the following medications is a contraindication to the haloperidol?

58. Where is lithium metabolized?

59. Co-administering phenelzine with citalopram could result in which of the following?

60. Lysergic acid diethylamide primarily acts on which neurotransmitter?