1. Which of the following therapies is based on a type of learning in which an action is elicited based on the resulting effect of a reward or punishment?

2. A 24-year-old male was brought into the emergency department because he has been “acting odd” for over an eight-month period. He claims that the government has implanted a device in his brain and has been sending him top-secret messages. His roommate said that he stays up all night sometimes talking to people on the phone and spending an excessive amount of money shopping for extravagant clothing. The erratic spending sprees stop after a few weeks but the delusions are consistent. Which of the following best describes this patient?

3. Which of the following drugs assists with opioid overdose?

4. Lysergic acid diethylamide primarily acts on which neurotransmitter?

5. Which of the following medications is a contraindication to the haloperidol?

6. A patient with a history of alcohol use disorder is admitted to the hospital with confusion, nystagmus, and tremors. The patient is most likely deficient in which of the following?

7. A patient complains of hallucinations that occur right before falling asleep. Which of the following conditions is this symptom most associated with?

8. Which of the following structures produces the neurotransmitter involved in the reward/addiction pathway?

9. Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder show a reduction in volume in a brain structure that may play a role in disturbed emotional memories. Which of the following embryologic structures give rise to the brain structure decreased in volume?

10. Which of the following personality disorders are difficult to treat because of the associated grandiosity